Hi Drake,
No human has ever gotten any further from Earth than the Moon, and the Moon is at esentailly the same distance from the Sun as the Earth, give or take the size of the Moon's orbit around Earth.
The average distance of the Earth from the Sun is 149.6 million km (92 million miles). The Moon goes around the Earth at a distance of about 384,400 km, so you can see that does not make a big difference. The distance of the Earth varies a bit becasue its orbit is not a perfect circle. At its closet, in January, it is about 147 million km from the Sun.
To figure out an exact number you would have to do calculations based on the time of the human Moon flights to check on time of year and position of the Moon, but essentially no one has gotten significantly closer to the Sun than the Earth.
Robotic spacecraft are another story - I think the Helios 2 spacecraft holds the record at 43 million kilometers from the Sun. NASA is planning a Solar Probe mission which is supposed to get a robotic spacecraft 6 million kilometers from the solar surface!
Terry